Entre Ciencia E Ingeniería is a Journal of the Católica de Pereira University which aims is to contribute to the development in Basic Science and Engineering of articles that show the advance and condition of the knowledge, the technique and the technology and the training in these areas.
Dendrometric development and morphological traits of Bulnesia arborea, An Endangered native forest species of the Colombian tropical dry forest
Bulnesia arborea es una especie nativa del Caribe colombiano, actualmente clasificada como En Peligro. Aunque es característica de los bosques secos tropicales, se desconoce su comportamiento y variabilidad fenotípica. En el Centro de Investigación Motilonia de AGROSAVIA se evaluaron árboles de 6,5 años, registrando variables dendrométricas como altura total (6,57–7,31 m, promedio 6,94 m), diámetro a la altura del pecho (8,2–9,59 cm, promedio 8,93 cm), volumen del tronco e incrementos medios anuales de altura (1,067 m) y diámetro (1,37 cm). Además, se analizaron 33 descriptores morfológicos de árbol y hoja en 54 individuos, identificando variabilidad en 22 de ellos (13 cuantitativos y 9 cualitativos), lo que permitió agrupar los árboles en cinco conglomerados. Se identificaron individuos con potencial para uso maderable, sistemas silvopastoriles (como cercas vivas y árboles dispersos en potreros), productos no maderables y como fuente de alimento para avifauna, lo que destaca su valor ecológico y productivo.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bayron Giovanny Obando Enriquez, Sandra Liliana Castañeda Garzón, Milton Rivera Rojas, Jaime Andrés Arias Rojas, Jhon Jairo Zuluaga Peláez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.es_ES
Propuesta de representación del conocimiento para la población de ontologías desde textos escritos en lenguaje naturaltexts written in natural language
Las ontologías se refieren a conceptualizaciones compartidas y cuentan con varios elementos, por ejemplo, dominios, conceptos, instancias, relaciones y atributos, que se utilizan para hacer inferencias computacionales. La población de ontologías se refiere a la extracción y clasificación de instancias pertenecientes a clases y relaciones definidas en la ontología desde cualquier fuente de información. La revisión de la literatura exhibe algunas propuestas para representar la población de ontologías, pero son incompletas y presentan algunas desventajas. El proceso de población de ontologías es complejo y requiere una buena representación del conocimiento. En este artículo se propone un esquema preconceptual para representar la población de ontologías. Se evalúa la representación del conocimiento mediante cinco roles fundamentales: i) como un sustituto de la realidad; ii) como un conjunto de compromisos ontológicos; iii) como una teoría fragmentaria del razonamiento inteligente; iv) como un medio para la computación eficiente; y v) como un medio de expresión humana. Esto contribuye a una mejor comprensión del proceso de población de ontologías y demuestra los beneficios de usar un esquema preconceptual para mejorar la claridad, reducir la ambigüedad y organizar el conocimiento. Finalmente, contribuye al objetivo principal de las ontologías, compartir conocimiento.
Copyright (c) 2025 Juan Carlos Blandón Andrade, C.M. Zapata-Jaramillo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.es_ES
Statistics as a fundamental pillar of Data Analytics
La estadística ha sido parte de la historia del hombre desde tiempos inmemorables, pues este siempre ha tenido el interés de cuantificar y tener información de sus pertenencias, es así como de una forma muy rudimentaria se realizaba estadística para tener control a nivel personal de las posesiones y a nivel estatal del número de personas, familias y parcelas, con el fin de poder recaudar los impuestos, pero sólo hasta los siglos XVII y XVIII [1], es cuando la estadística se convierte en una ciencia con los aportes de Graunt quien realizó el primer censo moderno y creó la primera tabla de frecuencias por edades, pero fue Achenwall quien acuño la palabra Estadística, sentando de esta forma las bases de la estadística descriptiva. Por otro lado, Fermat, Pascal, Bernoulli, Laplace, Gauss, Poisson, Bayes y Markov, entre otros, fueron los precursores de la teoría de la probabilidad y de la incorporación de esta en la estadística [2], dando origen a todo el desarrollo de la estadística moderna que comprende lo relacionado con Distribuciones de Probabilidad, la Inferencia Estadística, el Muestreo Estadístico, el Diseño de Experimentos, los Modelos de Regresión, Series de Tiempo y Análisis Multivariado.
Copyright (c) 2025 Entre ciencia e ingeniería https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.es_ES
Design of a methodology for electrical testing in the introduction of new electronic products in the manufacturing industryhe manufacturing industry
For industries dedicated to the manufacture of electronic equipment, it is essential to perform electrical tests that guarantee the quality, proper functioning, and safety of the products. The main objective of this research is to develop and define a process for implementing electrical testing on products that require it. To this end, a methodology is proposed that standardizes this process using IQ (Installation Qualification), OQ (Operational Qualification), and PQ (Performance Qualification) validations, commonly used in the medical manufacturing industry. Furthermore, tools that strengthen process validation are incorporated, such as the SIPOC diagram (General Process Chart), which provides an overview of the process; the GR&R test (Repeatability and Reproducibility Gauge), which analyzes the repeatability and reproducibility of the tests; and capability analysis, which reinforces the final stage of the methodology by validating the performance of the equipment.
Copyright (c) 2025 M.I. Leonel León Maldonado, Dra. ELsy Guadalupe Parada Ruiz, Dr. Juan Martín Preciado Rodríguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.es_ES
La educación STEAM (Ciencia, Tecnología, Ingeniería, Artes y Matemáticas, por sus siglas en inglés) ha surgido como una estrategia pedagógica interdisciplinar que tiene como objetivo desarrollar y consolidar habilidades y competencias críticas en los estudiantes de este milenio, tales como el pensamiento crítico, la innovación, el trabajo en equipo y la resolución de problemas complejos.
The IPO structure as a learning strategy of the functional programming paradigm in Systems Engineering
The teaching and learning of programming in the context of systems engineering, given the great acceptance that this university training program has, becomes more and more a reason not only for research but also for permanent inquiry to find ways that facilitate said learning. The relevance of the concept of function both from the functional paradigm and from the imperative and object-oriented paradigm invites us to think about methodologies that facilitate and simplify said learning. An experimental test was carried out with two groups in parallel per semester so that one group is a research group, and the other is a reference group, between the first semester of 2020 and the second semester of 2021, inclusive. The results show a notable tendency to favor the learning of the concept of function when there is a structure that enables its understanding, design, and application. It is concluded that to the extent that learning strategies are investigated in relation to the concept of function, learning to program will be significantly simplified in both program development and conceptualization.
El área de matemática y el diseño industrial
Copyright (c) 2019 Entre ciencia e ingeniería https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.es_ES
Enseñanza del algebra escolar desde la solución de problemas
nte la situación actual de la enseñanza del álgebra y para responder al desarrollo de competencias interpretativas, propositivas y argumentativas; se hace necesario enfocar en el álgebra de octavo y noveno en forma rápida, desde el comienzo del año la solución de problemas que requieran modelación algebraica, de tal manera que surja la necesidad del análisis y el razonamiento para descubrir la aplicación de los instrumentos algebraicos que se utilizan para la resolución de un problema. Fundamentalmente se presentarán estrategias en grado noveno, las cuáles parten de diagnosticar el manejo que traen los estudiantes de los números enteros y racionales tanto positivos como negativos. También la necesidad de ver los arreglos por filas y columnas debe vivenciarse desde el comienzo del año con la organización dentro del aula de clase, de tal manera que los estudiantes vivencien el sentido de la posición, de acuerdo con una ubicación por filas y columnas y siempre tengan presente el lugar donde se encuentran. Como se puede partir de un problema que requiera solución en un sistema de ecuaciones de 2x2, y mirar en este mismo problema la solución gráfica relacionando directamente con la función lineal. La necesidad desde un comienzo de organizar las ecuaciones en un sistema de filas y columnas para facilitar la solución por eliminación, sustitución, igualación, determinantes incluyendo además la matriz ampliada. Asimismo mirar el caso con los sistemas de 3x3 a partir de problemas que requieran esta estrategia. Observar como introducir la parte algorítmica vinculada a la solución de problemas y como plantear ejercitaciones para mecanizar ciertos procedimientos como parte complementaria al trabajo de solución y modelación con herramientas algebraicas.
Didáctica para la enseñanza de la aritmética y el algebra
Para vencer estas dificultades he tratado de desarrollar un material didáctico que haga la matemática menos abstracta y permita que los estudiantes aprehendan en cada curso los conocimientos de matemática exigido para su promoción a los cursos siguientes (de acuerdo al alto grado de secuencialidad que siempre se presenta en la matemática).
Se presenta en este texto una conceptualización mínima de dos categorías: Enseñanza (Didáctica) y Matemática. Se muestra una aproximación teórica desde el campo de la educación matemática hacia las puestas en escena que hacemos los profesores en las situaciones institucionalizadas donde ocurre el encuentro complejo, llamado: Situaciones de Enseñanza- Aprendizaje en Matemática. Palabras clave: Enseñanza, Didáctica, Aprendizaje, Matemáticas.
Cerebro y Matemáticas: El Movimiento la clave del aprendizaje
La enseñanza de las matemáticas se ha cuestionado bastante, sobre todo en el ámbito escolar. Dentro de la pedagogía y la didáctica, la discusión se ha llevado al cómo se enseña y a los problemas de aprendizaje. Nos hemos encontrado con gran variedad de factores que aparecen en los colegios, tales como: hiperactividad, Dislexia, Disgrafía, Déficit de Atención, entre otros. Frente a esto, los docentes han buscado diferentes estrategias para poder transmitir a sus estudiantes los contenidos de los programas de matemáticas. En esta labor las herramientas de aula son poco conocidas; sin embargo para nuestro medio ha sido desconocido un factor, el cual, gracias a la neurología, neuropedagogía y ciencias afines, se está estudiando el movimiento como factor de aprendizaje. ¿Qué tipo de movimiento?, ¿Cómo se aplica en el aula de clase? Son algunos de los aspectos que se explicarán.
Aprender por medio de la resolución de problemas
La historia de la matemática, en la complejidad de su evolución y de sus revoluciones, ilustra bien esta cita de Bachelard. La matemática se ha construido como respuestas a preguntas que han sido traducidas en otros tantos problemas. Estas preguntas han variado en sus orígenes y en sus contextos: problemas de orden doméstico (división de tierras, cálculo de créditos...). Problemas planteados en estrecha vinculación con otras ciencias (astronomía, física...), especulaciones en apariencia “gratuitas” sobre “objetos“ perteneciente a la matemática misma, necesidad de organizar elementos ya existentes, de estructurarlos, por ejemplo, por las exigencias de la exposición (enseñanza ...) etcétera. No sobra mencionar que a quienes afirman que la actividad de resolución de problemas ha estado en el corazón mismo de la elaboración de la ciencia matemática. “¡Hacer matemática es resolver problemas!”, no temen afirmar algunos.
Resultados preliminares sobre la prueba diagnóstico en matemática básica realizada a los estudiantes que ingresaron el primer semestre de 2005 a la Universidad Católica Popular del Risaralda
Larvae of Trichoptera: diversity and distributionin the Quenane river, Colombian Orinoco foothills
In the Orinoquia region, the information generated about the order Trichoptera is scarce. This study analyzed the assemblage of caddis larvae in the Quenane-Quenanito channel at a spatial level, during two hydrological periods (low water transition: TAB and low water transition: AB). They were collected with red surber in six stations and some physical and chemical variables were measured. 1142 individuals distributed in 8 families and 22 genera were identified, where Hydropsychidae (70.31%). Philopotamidae (10.07%), and Smicridea and Chimarra were the most representative taxa. Total beta diversity was higher in AB compared to TAB. The NDMS analysis showed groupings that indicated differences in the composition of the stations according to the hydrological period. The RDA (redundancy analysis) indicated that the variables COD, fecal coliforms and conductivity were important. Several types of environmental disturbances were evidenced, which indicates the need to seek alternatives to minimize the impacts on the aquatic biota
Morphological and dasometric characterization of Morella pubescens in the sub-paramo of the Galeras Volcano Flora and Fauna Sanctuary
Morella pubescens is a shrub from the Colombian Andean zone, located at altitudes between 2400 and 3200 meters above sea level. Morphological variables were evaluated at the Obonuco Research Center of AGROSAVIA for six years and three months, and in nine years for dasometry. For the morphological evaluation, a frequency analysis, multiple correspondences, principal components, and clusters were used, and for dasometry, descriptive statistics were used. The shrubs were characterized by being branched in the middle third and bent and bifurcated in the upper third, with a wide and dense crown in the vertical profile and a half circle in the horizontal profile; fruiting was observed throughout the crown, and the bark exhibited yellow shades 2.5Y6/2. At nine years, it averaged 2.47 m in height, with a basal diameter of 6.86 cm. Information on the growth and adaptation of Morella pubescens is fundamental to promote its establishment in reforestation and management in agroforestry systems.
NATURAL EXTRACTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON INHIBITING CORROSION PHENOMENA IN STEEL MATERIALS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Natural extracts are an inexhaustible source of organic compounds with a wide variety of applications such as, medicinal, pharmacological, environmental, among others; For this reason they have become the object of study in a large number of areas and specialties at industrial level. The present review shows the results of the use of extracts of natural origin with potential inhibition effect in corrosion processes on steel surfaces, given the amount of molecules that act synergistically in the process, such as flavonoids, coumarins and alkaloids, etc. which increase the prospects and research in the search for environmentally friendly alternatives and which contribute to the reduction of environmental impacts associated with increasing the water and carbon footprint, corrosion effect.
Identification of socio-environmental and cultural factors that affect the ecological restoration of the Palermo micro-basin, Calima of Darién, Valle del Cauca
Territorial planning focuses on finding a spatial balance, for which the identification of strategic areas for environmental protection should be considered to benefit urban expansion. Hence, ecological restoration processes have an essential role in the recovery of natural spaces and the extension of their useful life, for which the socio-environmental and cultural factors that surround them must be explored. In this case, the Palermo micro-basin, a tributary of the Calima River in the department of Valle del Cauca, is chosen as the study area because the region presents specific conditions. This research focuses on identifying the socio-environmental and cultural factors that affect the ecological restoration processes of the Palermo tributary micro-basin of the Calima reservoir, municipality of Calima El Darién del Valle del Cauca, with the purpose of analyzing which variables must be taken into account when making decisions about ecological restoration plans in accordance with the reality of the region, its inhabitants and the ecosystem conditions. Finally, a proposal is generated to determine what kind of strategies can contribute to the updating of territorial planning instruments that allow encouraging the development of the department from natural preservation.
Influence of BIOLES in the production of maize (Zea mays L.) as a food security strategy from agroecology. Case study in Chivatá-Boyacá
The use of liquid organic fertilizers (BIOLES) from agroecology is a practice used in small associations of farmers, rescuing ancestral knowledge around the care of the ecosystem and management of crops. This research evaluates the influence of two types of BIOLES on the production of maize (Zea mays L); the first with donkey dung and the second with llamas (T1; T2). Among the results, a similarity of means in the growth variables for the three study groups (T0; control plot, T1 and T2) stands out, with the first being the one with the best results, contrary to the behavior of the productive performance variables where T2 was the most relevant and presented a significant difference (Tukey p < 0.05) compared to the T0 group. It is concluded that BIOLES, especially T2, positively influences the productive yield of corn cultivation from an agroecological management.
Attitudes towards mathematics among computer and systems engineering Students: a comparative study at the University of Cundinamarca
Understanding Attitudes towards Mathematics (ATM) is essential due to its influence on academic performance and career choices, especially in technology and engineering. Studying these attitudes reveals cognitive and emotional barriers that limit learning, enabling the design of effective educational strategies. In a world focused on scientific and technological development, fostering favorable ATM enhances skills necessary for solving complex problems and innovating. A study at the University of Cundinamarca analyzed ATM in 253 systems and computer engineering (ISC) students using a quantitative correlational methodology and a Likert-type test. The research sought to understand factors such as age, gender, place of residence, type of school, and semester placement. The results, contrary to expectations, offer an unusual perspective on the relationship between ATM and students in this field, highlighting the importance of environment and context in mathematics learning.
Carbon stock and other properties of paramo and agricultural soils from Cundinamarca
Soils are important for carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. This research evaluated the C stock and other properties in paramo and agricultural soils from Cundinamarca. Physicochemical properties such as bulk density, moisture, pH, CO, MO, and spatial variation of C stock were determined. Moreover, a mathematical model was used to estimate the amount of easily oxidizable carbon. The agricultural soil presented higher bulk density; meanwhile, the paramo soil showed higher moisture content, CO, and MO. The stock carbon in paramo and agricultural soils showed a spatial variation with average values of 94.06 ± 10.51 Mg Ha-1 and 82.66 ± 13.51 Mg Ha-1, respectively, and the mathematical model is statistically valid, with R2 > 94%. Agricultural and conservation activities impact the amount of C stored.
New technologies and applications of software-defined radio in agricultural environments: a review of the state of the art
This paper presents an investigation of the advances made by Radiocommunication systems on the concept of software defined radio in the agricultural field, in communication devices and applications for data acquisition in wireless sensors in the last years, knowing in a better way its generalities and applications. Therefore, it is argued that its accelerated diffusion is due to the ease of implementation in the agricultural field, both for those with basic knowledge, experts in the field and in the educational context related to agriculture. This review also contains information on GNU radio software designs, sensor network circuits, among others. Additionally, these software-defined radio systems with GNU radio have had a great impact today because of its multiple benefits, since it has a programming block structure. Therefore, this article allows to contemplate the need to cover the lines of research on this topic with continental overviews with a time interval from 2012 to 2023, where the search for information is obtained from bibliographic data in a high impact, to be ahead in the technological evolution of the world of telecommunications.
Reduction of Cumulative Lead Time in a Molecular Biology Laboratory: A Cell Layout Study in Lima, Peru
This applied, explanatory-level study addresses the design and implementation of a manufacturing cell to reduce the accumulated lead time in a molecular biology laboratory in Lima, Peru, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A detailed analysis of the initial situation was conducted, proposing the configuration of two cells decoupled by work-in-process inventory. Although the required takt time was not achieved nor a perfect balance of workloads, the results confirmed the initial hypothesis, showing a significant reduction in idle times, an improvement in workflow, and an increase in the laboratory's responsiveness. These findings highlight the effectiveness of lean methodologies in high-demand and complex contexts
Plant waste generated in marketplaces: alternatives for valorization to obtain metabolites of industrial interest
Waste biomass generation, such as plant waste,is one of the environmental problems with a major impact,and frequently,their use strategiesare focused on obtaining products such as biofertilizers, compost,or animal feed. The area trend has shown that the biorefinery processes of residual biomass havebecome a strategy that, within the framework of the circular economy, can valorize these wastes by obtaining biomolecules of greater interest for their application in different industrial sectors, generating added value to the processes where these wastes are generated.This review aimsto present different alternatives for usingvegetable waste generated in marketplaces to obtain products with industrial potential. For this purpose, a bibliographic search was carried out in databases with a restriction of terms associated withthe topic of study, which were classified according to their application in obtaining different products, finding that among the alternatives of use, the use of these wastes for the elaboration of substrates in microbial enzymesproduction, andbiomolecules such as polyphenols, carotenes, lycopene, vanillin, pectin, colorants and products such as essential oils, is presented.
Analysis of sustainable coffee production strategies for the strengthening of the generational splicing in the municipality of Aguadas (Caldas).
One of the crises that agriculture faces is the low participation of young people in the generational linkage, which basically depends on the production of coffee for an economic, social and cultural concept. The present investigation was developed with the purpose of analyzing the strategies of sustainable coffee production for the strengthening of the generational linkage in the municipality of Aguadas, by means of a series of interviews, surveys and a social mapping design for students of the rural sector, young coffee growers and entities of the productive sector. The majority of the students of the rural sector visualized their life projects in trades other than coffee production and only 10% of the young people planned to give continuity to their family coffee business, strategies were also identified that favor generational splicing in a direct or indirect manner, which are not sufficient to mitigate this problem.
Copyright (c) 2024 Entre ciencia e ingeniería https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.es_ES
Technologies of the fourth industrial revolution used in manufacturing to improve productivity indicators: A review
The technologies of the fourth industrial revolution have impacted and benefited all industrial processes in different sectors; this allows the optimization of resources in organizations and turn, an improvement in their productivity. The adoption and implementation of 4.0 technologies have grown rapidly in some countries; in others, it remains a challenge. This article presents a literature review on the use of 4.0 technologies in industries, aimed at identifying the most used technologies, the impacted sectors, and the benefited productivity indicators. This study was carried out using the Core of Science platform and the PRISMA methodology with the information provided from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The findings indicate that the most used technologies are the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and big data. On the other hand, manufacturing is the activity of the industrial sector with the most influence on these technologies, followed by the automotive industry. Finally, there is evidence of deficient coverage of the use of 4.0 technologies in Latin American countries and, more significantly, European countries.
The predictive approach of artificial intelligence as a tool for industrial machinery maintenance: a look from Industry 4.0
En la industria de la manufactura, el mantenimiento es una tarea fundamental para garantizar la disponibilidad y eficiencia de la maquinaria utilizada en el proceso productivo. A través del tiempo, los procesos de mantenimiento se han realizado de forma empírica, basados en la experiencia de los operadores, y principalmente como respuesta a las fallas presentadas en tiempos de operación, generando altos costos para la organización debido a la necesidad de detener la producción mientras se realizan las reparaciones correspondientes y a los tiempos necesarios para el mantenimiento. En [1] y [2] se argumenta que los costos del servicio de mantenimiento [3] (costos de reparación, transporte, incumplimiento, mano de obra, entre otros) se podrían disminuir significativamente al contar con un sistema de planificación del mantenimiento [4], analizan en detalle el contenido y la composición de costos de varias tareas de mantenimiento de una red eléctrica, con el objetivo de determinar los impactos en el ciclo de vida del mantenimiento.
Exploring human gait dynamics: A review of image capture device-based analysis systems
Human gait has been studied using various technologies that measure spatiotemporal variables, such as the duration of support phases, speed and cadence, step length and width, among others. In this review, static and mobile systems integrated with image capture devices such as RGB-D cameras have been explored. These systems have been tested on various groups of participants, including people with Parkinson's and cerebrovascular injuries, as well as healthy individuals. The results show that many of these technologies have significant correlation with "Gold Standard" systems such as Vicon, although limitations and challenges are evident, such as accuracy and applicability in different settings. Nevertheless, these advances have a potentially significant impact on the assessment and treatment of gait disorders.
Dashboard for RPA management monitoring: a study in manufacturing SMEs
Process monitoring is an action of constant effort in companies in order to identify through measurement, practices that increase their value proposition, operational quality and outstanding performance; many of these traceability processes are supported by technologies such as Robotic Process Automation (RPA) to make the decision-making process more agile and effective. However, in the case of SMEs, not all of them have technological opportunities for monitoring. This article seeks to generate a characterization of SMEs in the manufacturing sector of the Área Metropolinata del Valle de Aburrá and Eastern Antioquia, in relation to the elements of measurement and technologies used, which allow proposing a dashboard of global indicators for monitoring the management of RPA in this study segment. The main contribution is to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing tools for process monitoring using one of the Industry 4.0 technologies such as RPA in SMEs
Con la evolución del protocolo IP de IPv4[1] a IPv6[2] surgieron varios cambios en la cabecera IP en cuanto a su longitud y a los campos que la conforman. Mientras que la longitud de la cabecera IPv4 es variable, la cabecera IPv6 tiene longitud fija. Unos campos permanecen con el mismo nombre y la misma funcionalidad mientras que otros fueron removidos y algunos fueron adicionados nuevos, como es el caso de la etiqueta de flujo. La IETF (Intenet Engineering Task Force), el grupo de trabajo de ingeniería de Internet quien es el organismo encargado de las normas y estandares de Internet, publicó varias RFCs (Request for Comments) dando orientaciones sobre la finalidad con la que fue creado el campo etiqueta de Flujo en la cabecera IPv6.